Frequently Asked Questions
Answers to common questions about PhD programs, timelines, dissertations, and careers.
How long does a PhD take?#
A PhD in America typically takes four to seven years, depending on your field. Humanities and social sciences often take longer (five to seven years). STEM fields are often shorter (four to six years). Your timeline depends on how quickly you complete coursework, pass qualifying exams, and finish your dissertation.
What is a dissertation?#
A dissertation is a book-length piece of original research that you write to complete your PhD. It must make a new contribution to knowledge in your field. Writing a dissertation takes one to three years, depending on your field and research. You will defend your dissertation before a committee of faculty members.
What can I do with a PhD?#
A PhD prepares you for careers in academia (as a professor), research (at universities, research institutions, or companies), and specialized professional roles. Career options vary by field. In some fields, most PhDs become professors. In others, many PhDs work in industry or government.
Research career outcomes for your specific field before committing to a PhD. Make sure a PhD will help you reach your career goals.
Is a PhD worth it?#
A PhD is worth it if you love research, want an academic or research career, and are willing to commit four to seven years to intensive study. It is not worth it if you are pursuing it only for prestige, to delay career decisions, or because you are unsure what else to do.
A PhD is a significant commitment. Be sure you understand what you are signing up for.
Do I need a Master's degree first?#
Not always. Many PhD programs accept students directly from undergraduate programs. In these cases, you may earn a Master's degree along the way as part of the PhD program. Other programs prefer or require a Master's degree before admission. Check each program's requirements.
If you have a Master's degree, some of your coursework may transfer, potentially shortening your PhD timeline.
What is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate?#
A PhD is a research degree. You learn to conduct original research and contribute new knowledge to your field. Professional doctorates, like the MD (Doctor of Medicine), JD (Juris Doctor for law), or EdD (Doctor of Education), are practice-oriented degrees that prepare you for specific professions.
This guide focuses on research PhDs, which are typically fully funded. Professional doctorates are often not funded and may require significant tuition.
Should I contact professors before applying?#
This depends on your field. In STEM fields, contacting professors is common and often expected. Professors may only accept students if they have funding and space in their lab. A brief, professional email introducing yourself and your research interests can help you determine if there is a good fit.
In humanities and social sciences, contacting professors beforehand is less common. Admissions are often handled by committee rather than individual professors.
Research norms in your field by talking to current graduate students or reading advice forums.
What if I am rejected?#
Many successful PhD students were rejected the first time they applied. If you are rejected, seek feedback if possible. Strengthen your application by gaining more research experience, improving your statement of purpose, or expanding your list of schools. Apply again next year.
Persistence is important. Do not give up after one round of rejections.
Can I work while doing a PhD?#
Your assistantship (teaching or research) is your job. You will work 15-20 hours per week on teaching or research duties. International students on F-1 visas cannot work off-campus without special authorization.
The PhD itself is also a full-time commitment. Between coursework, research, teaching duties, and writing, you will be very busy. Outside employment is generally not practical or allowed.
What if my English is not perfect?#
You need strong English skills to succeed in a PhD program. You will read, write, and communicate in English constantly. However, programs understand that international students are not native speakers. They expect competence, not perfection.
Work on improving your English before and during your program. Read academic papers in English. Practice writing. Attend English language workshops if your university offers them. Your English will improve with immersion.
Related Videos#
Chapter Quiz
Answer all questions correctly to unlock the next chapter.
1. How long does a PhD in America typically take?
2. What is a dissertation?
3. Can you work off-campus while doing a PhD on an F-1 visa?